NAME

charnames - define character names for 

\N{named}
string literal escapes

SYNOPSIS


  use charnames :full;
  print "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA} is called sigma.\n";

  use charnames :short;
  print "\N{greek:Sigma} is an upper-case sigma.\n";

  use charnames qw(cyrillic greek);
  print "\N{sigma} is Greek sigma, and \N{be} is Cyrillic b.\n";

  use charnames ":full", ":alias" => {
    e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
  };
  print "\N{e_ACUTE} is a small letter e with an acute.\n";

  use charnames ();
  print charnames::viacode(0x1234); # prints "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE"
  printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("GOTHIC LETTER AHSA"); # prints "10330"

DESCRIPTION

Pragma 

use charnames
supports arguments 
:full
, 
:short
, script names and customized aliases. If 
:full
is present, for expansion of 
\N{CHARNAME}
, the string 
CHARNAME
is first looked up in the list of standard Unicode character names. If 
:short
is present, and 
CHARNAME
has the form 
SCRIPT:CNAME
, then 
CNAME
is looked up as a letter in script 
SCRIPT
. If pragma 
use charnames
is used with script name arguments, then for 
\N{CHARNAME}
the name 
CHARNAME
is looked up as a letter in the given scripts (in the specified order). Customized aliases are explained in CUSTOM ALIASES.

For lookup of 

CHARNAME
inside a given script 
SCRIPTNAME
this pragma looks for the names 


  SCRIPTNAME CAPITAL LETTER CHARNAME
  SCRIPTNAME SMALL LETTER CHARNAME
  SCRIPTNAME LETTER CHARNAME

in the table of standard Unicode names. If 

CHARNAME
is lowercase, then the 
CAPITAL
variant is ignored, otherwise the 
SMALL
variant is ignored.

Note that 

\N{...}
is compile-time, it’s a special form of string constant used inside double-quoted strings: in other words, you cannot use variables inside the 
\N{...}
. If you want similar run-time functionality, use charnames::vianame().

For the C0 and C1 control characters (U+0000..U+001F, U+0080..U+009F) as of Unicode 3.1, there are no official Unicode names but you can use instead the ISO 6429 names (LINE FEED, ESCAPE, and so forth). In Unicode 3.2 (as of Perl 5.8) some naming changes take place ISO 6429 has been updated, see ALIASES. Also note that the U+UU80, U+0081, U+0084, and U+0099 do not have names even in ISO 6429.

Since the Unicode standard uses U+HHHH, so can you: \N{U+263a} is the Unicode smiley face, or \N{WHITE SMILING FACE}.

ALIASES

A few aliases have been defined for convenience: instead of having to use the official names 


    LINE FEED (LF)
    FORM FEED (FF)
    CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
    NEXT LINE (NEL)

(yes, with parentheses) one can use 


    LINE FEED
    FORM FEED
    CARRIAGE RETURN
    NEXT LINE
    LF
    FF
    CR
    NEL

One can also use 


    BYTE ORDER MARK
    BOM

and 


    ZWNJ
    ZWJ

for ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER and ZERO WIDTH JOINER.

For backward compatibility one can use the old names for certain C0 and C1 controls 


    old                         new

    HORIZONTAL TABULATION       CHARACTER TABULATION
    VERTICAL TABULATION         LINE TABULATION
    FILE SEPARATOR              INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR
    GROUP SEPARATOR             INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE
    RECORD SEPARATOR            INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO
    UNIT SEPARATOR              INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE
    PARTIAL LINE DOWN           PARTIAL LINE FORWARD
    PARTIAL LINE UP             PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD

but the old names in addition to giving the character will also give a warning about being deprecated.

CUSTOM ALIASES

This version of charnames supports three mechanisms of adding local or customized aliases to standard Unicode naming conventions (:full)

Anonymous hashes


    use charnames ":full", ":alias" => {
        e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
        };
    my $str = "\N{e_ACUTE}";

Alias file


    use charnames ":full", ":alias" => "pro";

    will try to read "unicore/pro_alias.pl" from the @INC path. This
    file should return a list in plain perl:

    (
    A_GRAVE         => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE",
    A_CIRCUM        => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX",
    A_DIAERES       => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS",
    A_TILDE         => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE",
    A_BREVE         => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE",
    A_RING          => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE",
    A_MACRON        => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON",
    );

Alias shortcut


    use charnames ":alias" => ":pro";

    works exactly the same as the alias pairs, only this time,
    ":full" is inserted automatically as first argument (if no
    other argument is given).

charnames::viacode(code)

Returns the full name of the character indicated by the numeric code. The example 


    print charnames::viacode(0x2722);

prints FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK.

Returns undef if no name is known for the code.

This works only for the standard names, and does not yet apply to custom translators.

Notice that the name returned for of U+FEFF is ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, not BYTE ORDER MARK.

charnames::vianame(name)

Returns the code point indicated by the name. The example 


    printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK");

prints 2722.

Returns undef if the name is unknown.

This works only for the standard names, and does not yet apply to custom translators.

CUSTOM TRANSLATORS

The mechanism of translation of 

\N{...}
escapes is general and not hardwired into charnames.pm. A module can install custom translations (inside the scope which 
use
s the module) with the following magic incantation: 


    sub import {
        shift;
        $^H{charnames} = \&translator;
    }

Here translator() is a subroutine which takes 

CHARNAME
as an argument, and returns text to insert into the string instead of the 
\N{CHARNAME}
escape. Since the text to insert should be different in 
bytes
mode and out of it, the function should check the current state of 
bytes
-flag as in: 


    use bytes ();                       # for $bytes::hint_bits
    sub translator {
        if ($^H & $bytes::hint_bits) {
            return bytes_translator(@_);
        }
        else {
            return utf8_translator(@_);
        }
    }

ILLEGAL CHARACTERS

If you ask by name for a character that does not exist, a warning is given and the Unicode replacement character \x{FFFD} is returned.

If you ask by code for a character that does not exist, no warning is given and 

undef
is returned. (Though if you ask for a code point past U+10FFFF you do get a warning.)

BUGS

Since evaluation of the translation function happens in a middle of compilation (of a string literal), the translation function should not do any 

eval
s or 
require
s. This restriction should be lifted in a future version of Perl.

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