NAME

bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics

SYNOPSIS


    use bytes;
    ... chr(...);       # or bytes::chr
    ... index(...);     # or bytes::index
    ... length(...);    # or bytes::length
    ... ord(...);       # or bytes::ord
    ... rindex(...);    # or bytes::rindex
    ... substr(...);    # or bytes::substr
    no bytes;

DESCRIPTION

The 

use bytes
pragma disables character semantics for the rest of the lexical scope in which it appears. 
no bytes
can be used to reverse the effect of 
use bytes
within the current lexical scope.

Perl normally assumes character semantics in the presence of character data (i.e. data that has come from a source that has been marked as being of a particular character encoding). When 

use bytes
is in effect, the encoding is temporarily ignored, and each string is treated as a series of bytes.

As an example, when Perl sees 

$x = chr(400)
, it encodes the character in UTF-8 and stores it in 
$x
. Then it is marked as character data, so, for instance, 
length $x
returns 
1
. However, in the scope of the 
bytes
pragma, 
$x
is treated as a series of bytes - the bytes that make up the UTF8 encoding - and 
length $x
returns 
2
: 


    $x = chr(400);
    print "Length is ", length $x, "\n";     # "Length is 1"
    printf "Contents are %vd\n", $x;         # "Contents are 400"
    {
        use bytes; # or "require bytes; bytes::length()"
        print "Length is ", length $x, "\n"; # "Length is 2"
        printf "Contents are %vd\n", $x;     # "Contents are 198.144"
    }

chr(), ord(), substr(), index() and rindex() behave similarly.

For more on the implications and differences between character semantics and byte semantics, see perluniintro and perlunicode.

LIMITATIONS

bytes::substr() does not work as an lvalue().

SEE ALSO

perluniintro, perlunicode, utf8

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